Management verses leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Management verses leadership - Essay Example Responsibility and accountability for the use of organizational resources accompany the power accorded to a manager or director. In contrast, the term leader implies effective use of influence that is somewhat independent of the formal authority granted to an individual because of position. Leadership cannot be granted to a person by a higher authority; rather, those who decide to follow bestow it on an individual. While managers have formal authority, leaders have the informal ability to get things done by attracting and influencing followers. Effective managers in any organizations must be leaders also, and many leaders become managers, leaders, and directors. The two sets of roles and functions, however, differ (Steven, 2001). If we have to list out the qualities a good leader should possess, the first and foremost is that leaders are good listeners. An effective leader listens emphatically. He welcomes ideas and inputs from his team. This promotes harmony within the team. Leaders are good decision makers. An effective leader, who is focused, authentic, courageous and emphatic, must also have the proper timing in making and executing decisions. Time management is the important parts of good leadership. It is also important to set an example to the team through proper time management. A leader must have talent or specific skills at some task at han... He must be a role model, someone who leads by example. Self-knowledge and self-awareness are also essential characteristics. A leader trusts in his team and motivates them for high performance. A good leader is always generous in praising and recognizing each individual who is a performer and appreciate all contributions, big and small. A leader must project fearlessness in facing challenges. A leader must stand firm even in the presence of criticisms, but still having the courage to admit his mistakes (Smith, 2005).The most important attribute for a leader is being principle-centered. Centering on principles that are universal and timeless provides a foundation and compass to guide every decision and every act. All enduring philosophies, religions and thoughts are based on principles such as integrity, compassion, trust, honesty, accountability and others at their core. (Khan, 2005). Management and the roles of Managers in Organizations A typical definition is that "manager's work toward the organization's goals using its resources in an effective and efficient manner." In any organizations, different levels of managers are present they include top managers, middle managers and first-line managers. Top (or executive) managers are responsible for overseeing the whole organization and typically engage in more strategic and conceptual matters, with less attention to day-to-day detail. Top managers have middle managers working for them and who are in charge of a major function or department. Middle managers may have first-line managers working for them and who are responsible to manage the day-to-day activities of a group of workers (McNamara, 1999). For a healthy organization it is essential to have both good leaders as well as good managers.

Principl Fetures of Budgeting as a Plnning and Control System Term Paper

Principl Fetures of Budgeting as a Plnning and Control System - Term Paper Example    OperÐ °tionÐ °l control - the process of ensuring thÐ °t specific tÐ °sks Ð °re cÐ °rried out efficiently Ð °nd effectively. It is Ð ° very short term Ð °ctivity for junior mÐ °nÐ °gemen Ð °nd Ð °ddresses their tÐ °rgets for dÐ °y to dÐ °y Ð °ctivity both finÐ °nciÐ °l Ð °nd nonfinÐ °nciÐ °l. There Ð °re substÐ °ntiÐ °l differences between strÐ °tegic plÐ °ns Ð °nd long-term budgets--both in how they Ð °re creÐ °ted Ð °nd in the end products. Very few orgÐ °nizÐ °tions reÐ °lly need Ð ° multiyeÐ °r budget. In fÐ °ct, for mÐ °ny orgÐ °nizÐ °tions, including community bÐ °nks, they cÐ °n sometimes do more hÐ °rm thÐ °n good. How they differ. The function of the budget is to mÐ °intÐ °in, protect, Ð °nd Ð °llocÐ °te the orgÐ °nizÐ °tion's resources. The strÐ °tegic plÐ °n prepÐ °res the bÐ °nk to mÐ °ke future decisions, enÐ °bling it to tÐ °ke Ð °dvÐ °ntÐ °ge of opportunities Ð °s they Ð °rise Ð °nd to Ð °void or lessen t he effects of Ð °dverse developments. The most importÐ °nt difference between the two is in the wÐ °y they influence the bÐ °nk's decision-mÐ °king processes. Community bÐ °nks hÐ °ve two choices: they cÐ °n reÐ °ct to chÐ °nges in the mÐ °rketplÐ °ce Ð °fter they occur, or they cÐ °n Ð °ct now to shÐ °pe the environment they will fÐ °ce in the future. In budgeting, such criticÐ °l issues Ð °re predetermined, either Ð °s finÐ °lized decisions or Ð °s Ð °ssumptions. CentrÐ °l to budgeting is the tÐ °sk of forecÐ °sting levels of loÐ °ns, deposits, Ð °nd revenue. But forecÐ °sting is relÐ °tively unimportÐ °nt in strÐ °tegic plÐ °nning. SimilÐ °rly, the relÐ °tionship between costs Ð °nd revenue generÐ °tion must be Ð °ssumed in budgeting. In strÐ °tegic plÐ °nning, such relÐ °tionships Ð °re Ð °t best Ð ° secondÐ °ry considerÐ °tion.   True strÐ °tegic plÐ °nning encompÐ °sses no such Ð °ttempt to predetermine decisions. InsteÐ °d, it provides Ð ° guide or frÐ °mework within which future decision mÐ °king will tÐ °ke plÐ °ce. It emphÐ °sizes longer rÐ °nge objectives, not so much in terms of specific finÐ °nciÐ °l performÐ °nce, but in terms of where Ð °nd how the firm will position itself with respect to customers, regulÐ °tors, employees, product types, technology, Ð °nd the community. For exÐ °mple, Ð ° bÐ °nk locÐ °ted in Ð °n Ð °reÐ ° where the demogrÐ °phics Ð °re chÐ °nging substÐ °ntiÐ °lly mÐ °y need to reposition itself by developing new products Ð °nd services Ð °nd corresponding outreÐ °ch efforts to meet the shifting needs of the community.  

The Sound of Music Essay Example for Free

The Sound of Music Essay The sound of music was by far the greatest musical success for the team of Rodgers and Hammerstein. I chose this musical because of the lyrical and musical talent of these two men. I have enjoyed watching this classic numerous time throughout the years due to my mothers influence. She exposed my brother and I to many different types of music, teaching us to appreciate the style of each artist. The Sound of Music was directed and produced by Robert Wise, although he was not the first choice, he did indeed prove to be the best. Richard Rodgers wrote the music with the lyrics by Oscar Hammerstein II. The music was arranged and conducted by Irwin Kostal with the choreography by Marc Breaux and Dee Dee Wood. Filming of The Sound of Music began in 1964, in and around the area of Salzburg, Austria. It then premiered in early 1965, where it stayed on the circuit for more than four years. The film won five academy awards, including Best picture in 1966. The setting for the movie was to represent the late 1930s in Salzburg, Austria, with the looming threat of Nazi occupation. The movie was adapted from the real life stories of Maria von Trapp, who had a book published about her family life during this time. The title is The Story of the Trapp Family Singers. The opening scene pans across the mountains with the sound of wind blowing snow as it crosses over and down the other side. Once the forest and lake come in to view the music changes to birds chirping and the light sound of flutes playing. It continues to pan across hills and valleys with the tempo (xxi) of the music changing as instruments are added. The scene unfolds reaching Julie Andrews up on a hilltop surrounded by mountains. Here the musics dynamic level (xxvii) becomes more intense. When she starts to sing the music decreases in volume, matching her vocal range as she sings the title theme. The music that accompanies the abbey scene shows nuns walking slowly, heads bowed as if in prayer, gives the impression of spiritual devotion and a peaceful setting. In the court yard several nuns are discussing Maria with the Reverend Mother and do a call-and-response type of song called Maria. Maria is sent to Captain von Trapps as a governess for his children. The music in these next few scenes has a dissonance quality that sets the mood for her arrival at the von Trapp household. Maria soon finds out how strict the Captain is with his children and that music is not allowed since the death of his wife. She decides that God has sent her to bring joy and music back into their lives. The children come to Marias room during a scary thunderstorm. She tries to calm them with a song called A Few of My Favorite Things. This is a very light, happy, rhyming song that soon has the children forgetting their fears and having some fun. That is until the Captain walks in with a frown and sends the children scurrying to their rooms. While the Captain is away in Vienna, Maria introduces the children to having fun with music. She takes them on an outing in the hills and finds out that they dont know any songs at all. Maria teaches them Do-Re-Mi which uses the scales and has a call-and-response theme. The harmony of this tune is a favorite of mine, showing the melody of the song and timbre of each voice. When the Captain returns with the Baroness and Uncle Max, the children sing for them the songs they have learned. The Captain joins in as they sing The Sound of Music, surprising the children. Later after the puppet show they encourage their father to sing. Playing an acoustic guitar, he sings Edlewise with Lisel joining him. The song is softly played with some instrumental backup that is almost undetected. The waltz between the Captain and Maria in the garden just outside the ballroom is another favorite of mine. The orchestra playing the tune with  violins and flutes primarily in the foreground, setting the tempo of the composition as they dance and discover the attraction they have for one another. Maria escapes to the abbey after realizing she is in love with him. The Reverend Mother talks Maria into going back to face the situation and determine if the life of a nun is what she truly wishes. Upon returning to the von Trapp estate, Maria finds out from the children that their father is to marry the Baroness. Maria is heartbroken but wishes them well as they greet her. After the evening meal Gaylord sees Maria looking gloomy as she wanders the grounds of the estate. He realizes he has made a mistake and breaks it off with the Baroness. He then seeks Maria out at the gazebo, where he tries to encourage her to tell him the reason she left. Soft music plays as they declare their love for each other, becoming much louder as they start singing Something Good. The wedding scene, the music here is a rendition of Maria but, bolder with a marching tempo to it, as she walks down the aisle. Upon returning from their honeymoon the couple find that the Nazis have occupied Austria and are expecting the Captain to take a commission in Germany Navy. They use the folk festival as a front as they look for a way to escape into the mountains. They end up with help from the nuns at the abbey to get away from the Germans, and they cross the mountains into Switzerland. The music of Climb every Mountain is a very dramatic song as they show them walking across the mountains into freedom.

The Jungle :: essays research papers

Part I In the book The Jungle, there are many characters. The major character is Jurgis Rudkus. The book revolves around his life in Packingtown. Jurgis is originally from Lithuania. When we first meet him he appears as very large and powerful. He has a wife, Ona Lukoszaite, and a son named Antanas. Mike Skully is the powerful political leader in Packingtown. Phil Connor is a foreman in Packingtown â€Å"politically connected† through Skully and causes much trouble for Jurgis. Jack Duane is an experienced and educated criminal who is also â€Å"politically connected†. A man named Ostrinski is a half blind tailor who teachers Jurgis about socialism. There are also members of Ona’s family who play minor roles in the story. The story opens with a feast at Jurgis and Ona’s wedding in America. They have a wedding feast after the ceremony. This is where Ona hopes her and Jurgis get some money. To their surprise, the young do not observe the tradition of giving m oney to the bride to help pay for the feast. Ona becomes worried that they are not going have enough money, but Jurgis simply replies by saying â€Å"I will work harder†. The story then flashbacks to how the two first met. Jurgis met Ona at a horse fair, and they fell in love. They were too poor to have a wedding because Ona’s father had died. In hopes of finding freedom and fortune, they left for America, bringing several members of Ona’s family with them. As soon as Jurgis and his family arrive in America they are faced with a problem. They do not speak English and get lost. Finally, they get a cab. They are let off at the yards and bump into Jonas’s friend. He finds them a place to stay in Packingtown. It is a section of Chicago where the meat packing industry is centralized. Jurgis tours the plant and sees the efficiency. No part of the animal is wasted. The tour guide specifically says, â€Å" they use everything about the hog except the squeal,â₠¬  (The Jungle, pg. 38). Jurgis quickly gets a job, on the cattle killing beds. The other members of the family soon find jobs, except for the children. They are put in schools. Jurgis and Ona decide that they want a home because they do not like where they are staying now. They arrange to see one of the houses. The Jungle :: essays research papers Part I In the book The Jungle, there are many characters. The major character is Jurgis Rudkus. The book revolves around his life in Packingtown. Jurgis is originally from Lithuania. When we first meet him he appears as very large and powerful. He has a wife, Ona Lukoszaite, and a son named Antanas. Mike Skully is the powerful political leader in Packingtown. Phil Connor is a foreman in Packingtown â€Å"politically connected† through Skully and causes much trouble for Jurgis. Jack Duane is an experienced and educated criminal who is also â€Å"politically connected†. A man named Ostrinski is a half blind tailor who teachers Jurgis about socialism. There are also members of Ona’s family who play minor roles in the story. The story opens with a feast at Jurgis and Ona’s wedding in America. They have a wedding feast after the ceremony. This is where Ona hopes her and Jurgis get some money. To their surprise, the young do not observe the tradition of giving m oney to the bride to help pay for the feast. Ona becomes worried that they are not going have enough money, but Jurgis simply replies by saying â€Å"I will work harder†. The story then flashbacks to how the two first met. Jurgis met Ona at a horse fair, and they fell in love. They were too poor to have a wedding because Ona’s father had died. In hopes of finding freedom and fortune, they left for America, bringing several members of Ona’s family with them. As soon as Jurgis and his family arrive in America they are faced with a problem. They do not speak English and get lost. Finally, they get a cab. They are let off at the yards and bump into Jonas’s friend. He finds them a place to stay in Packingtown. It is a section of Chicago where the meat packing industry is centralized. Jurgis tours the plant and sees the efficiency. No part of the animal is wasted. The tour guide specifically says, â€Å" they use everything about the hog except the squeal,â₠¬  (The Jungle, pg. 38). Jurgis quickly gets a job, on the cattle killing beds. The other members of the family soon find jobs, except for the children. They are put in schools. Jurgis and Ona decide that they want a home because they do not like where they are staying now. They arrange to see one of the houses.

Student Stress

Today's students are faced with many challenges, many additional pressures, and numerous stresses. High school creates a variety of difficulties and challenges for teens but on average their main stresses are schoolwork, personal problems and time consuming Jobs. Teens find themselves under far too much pressure. Being a teenager Is typically thought of as a fun and free time In life, but It's turning Into a stressful period in a person's life. Most teens set a goal of doing well in school to achieve their dream job or Just better themselves.Many classes feel short and quick, teachers buzz through topics and units faster than most can comprehend. Still, the teachers and parents expect you to be able to achieve high marks on tests and assignments. The work load is enormous. Every class you are expected to do an hour or two of homework every night and finding the time is close to impossible. Most programs at university expect a high 80 percent average. For some it comes easy, others, a great challenge. Expectations from universities and parents can add more stress on to your already trustful school life.I personally feel as If school has gotten a lot harder since our parents attended. Since they had a grade 13, an extra year to prepare and learn. This means that everything taught within five years Is now squeezed Into four. Learning at a quicker pace is a lot more difficult than having an extra year. High school impacts a student's life for the rest of their educational path. Along with many hours at school, most students have a part time Job to attend right after school. Work conflicts with school and the work load.I personally have a art time Job and after working 5-6 hours after school, homework is the last thing on my mind. Many teens get jobs to gain independence from their parents and stand on their own financially. However there is also the reality of funding post-secondary education. University tuitions are expensive and have been rising throughout the ye ars. Some the dream of university is all based around grades but the finances too. Saving up and working hard at school Is extremely stressful and hard to find a balance between school, work and a social life.Students need time to relax and moieties that's hard to find. I get extremely stressed whenever I have work and even the smallest amount of homework, so I can only imagine how it is for grade twelve working all the time with huge amounts of homework. Working as a teenager is stressful and adding homework on top of that can be unbelievable. Personal problems are a reality for almost everyone. But for teenagers it's harder to handle due to social media, bullying and parents. Social media has been a huge toll on many of my friends.The drama that surrounds social media can be tolling on a student's incineration. Privacy is a thing of a past with almost every personal problem now being slew on social media sights. This has happened to everyone at some point in high school, either be ing bullied on or off social media. Even If it's not In school, family stresses can dramatically Impact your day or your attentiveness In and out of school. High school is stressful from the start, but the stress accumulates as the years go important that students be able to recognize this stress and deal with it before it becomes overwhelming.

Health Of Family Members Living And Deceased Essay

Compiling data regarding the health of family members living and deceased can lead to a more complete understanding of one’s own health. Based on the research I composed regarding my family’s health history it appears that I am at risk for high cholesterol, rheumatoid arthritis, heart disease and thyroid conditions. In my lifetime I have witnessed my family’s lifestyle characteristics that have contributed to these diseases. Of those ailments, heart disease is a primary concern and one that my own lifestyle and life choices can play a large part in avoiding. Being aware of my risks will make me more apt to make healthy decisions in order to avoid the negative conditions. Cardiovascular diseases include atherosclerosis, ischemic stroke, hemorrhagic stroke, heart failure, arrhythmia and heart valve issues (AHA, 2014). Risk factors for heart disease are divided into three categories: major risk factors, modifiable risk factors and contributing risk factors. Major risk factors including increasing age, a majority of heart disease related deaths are those 65 or older. Males have a higher risk of developing heart disease, this is a pattern I was able to track in my own family. Heart disease is also found to be hereditary, those with parents or other blood related family members with heart disease have a higher chance of having the disease themselves. Ethnicity can play a role too, as heart disease is more common in Mexicans and African Americans than it is in caucasians.Show MoreRelatedGenetic And Genomic Nursing Assessment1167 Words   |  5 PagesGenetic Family History Assessment The purpose of this paper is to complete a Genetic and Genomic Nursing Assessment to analyze family genetic health risks. Genomics is the study of genes in the human genome and their interactions with each other and the environment and genetics is the study of individual genes and their effect on clinical disorders (Kaakinen, Coehlo, Steele, Tabacco, Hanson, 2015). Nurses should be able to perform an assessment of a family s genetic health risks by using a three-generationRead MoreDeath And Life Threatening Illnesses1099 Words   |  5 Pagesbe talking about the potential consequences that the deceased family must deal with when a will has not either been formed or performed properly. Next, I will be looking at the differences between palliative and recuperative care; I will also give my view on who should be included in the decision to alter care from recuperative to palliative. My next topic will be deliberating the issue of end-of-life requirements and the role that family mem bers and medical professionals must play in such a case.Read MoreThe Legalization of Organ Sales1450 Words   |  6 Pagesa move would exacerbate negative health outcomes for the poor, strengthening inequality, but such a move would also violate any reasonable standard of ethics, by inherently placing a price on ones life and health. This paper will expand on these points and make the case that we should not allow people to pay for organs. Living Donors The first major issue with respect to a legal organ market is the issue of living donors. Gregory extends the issue of living donation of semen, eggs and bloodRead MoreOrgan Donation : Organ Organs1054 Words   |  5 Pagesdonation come from a deceased person and a living person. The organs that are received from a deceased person are called cadaveric organs. A person can indicate on his or her driver’s license if they want to be an organ donor after they die. There are some states that allow for family consent for organ removal, regardless if the deceased person indicated that, they wanted to be an organ donor after they die. The second source of organ donation comes from a living person. Living people can donateRead MorePersuasive Speech On Organ Donation1048 Words   |  5 Pagesdifferent ways to give yourself to other in hopes of helping save their lives. There are deceased donations and living donations. Both start with a decision. Living donations allow you to see the impact you had on the receiver of your donation, but do not think donations after death go unnoticed. (Data | UNOS) Many times, families have reached out to the donor’s family to let them know that their family member really made an impact and helped save the life of someone they love. The reassurance andRead MoreFree Market For Human Organs1329 Words   |  6 Pagesmarkets. A description of the market for living organ donors and cadaveric organs can be found below along with the advantages, disadvantages, and ethical issues these markets arise in modern society. This paper also discusses how the shortage of human organs has created a black market for these items and the consequences it has in our society. The Demand In the United States, there is an increasing demand for human organs. According to the Department of Health and Human Services, approximately, 123Read MoreHow Health Service Reform Has Influenced Access Of Organ Donation1498 Words   |  6 Pages Introduction The public health sector has experienced four major structural reforms. Over the period of reform, the key changes were designed to increase efficiency, improve health outcomes and reduce increasing health expenditures. This assignment will examine how health service reform has influenced access to organ donation. The primary focus will be towards live kidney donation. Further, it will critically provide an analysis to the nature of service delivery in the socio-cultural contextRead MoreWaiting Before Waiting By Merriam Webster Essay1595 Words   |  7 Pagesis a need that increase daily, becoming an organ donor is very simple task to help decrease the need for organs. Death is an inescapable part of life; one may experience it before another but death can sometimes be held off due to good health or bettering your health. According to a Positive Med study conducted by Dr. Nima Sheikholeslami, Dr. Sheikholeslami states that â€Å"Eighteen people from around the United States die daily while waiting on their organ transplant due to the shortage of donors andRead MoreWhat Kind Of Religion?1558 Words   |  7 Pagesand contentment in the fact that that when people die, it is in accord with God’s will and are expected to move forward from the loss in acceptance of God’s will. (Mohamed). The formal mourning period is 3 days, and during this time which other family members bring the mourners food and other goods to sustain them during this time. When a woman s husband dies, her period of mourning consists of four months and 10 days and is called Iddah. During this time, she is to follow a list of strict guidelines:Read MoreOrgan Transplants : An Organization1486 Words   |  6 Pagesthat organ recipients return to their normal lifestyles and most receive a second chance at life. Additionally not all organ donations are a result of tragic occurrences or unforeseen accidents; in fact, some organs donations become possible through living donors. With this in mind transplants using legally donated organs that medically qualify should be encouraged. In fact, assuming that all organs from the donor qualify for transplantation it is possible to salvage up to eight lives. (Donate) More

What Is Jingoism Definition and Examples

The term jingoism refers to a nation’s aggressive foreign policy which has been propelled by public opinion. The word was coined in the 1870s, during an episode in Britain’s perennial conflicts with the Russian Empire, when a popular music hall song urging military action contained the phrase, â€Å"by Jingo.† The public, viewed by the British political class as uneducated and badly informed on foreign policy, were mocked as â€Å"jingos.† The word, despite its peculiar roots, became a part of the language, and was periodically invoked to mean those crying for aggressive international action, including warfare, in any nation. In the modern world, the term jingoism is invoked to mean any aggressive or bullying foreign policy. Key Takeaways: Jingoism The term jingoism refers to excessive and especially belligerent patriotism leading to an aggressive or bullying foreign policy.The term dates to the 1870s, against the background of the British having to decide how to counter perceived Russian moves against Turkey.The word has a peculiar source: the phrase by Jingo appeared in an 1878 music hall song pushing for military action against Russia.The term has become part of the language, and is still used to criticize aggressive foreign policy. Jingoism Definition and Origin The story of how the expression â€Å"by jingo,† a British expression essentially meaning â€Å"by golly,† came to enter the vernacular of politics begins in the spring of 1877. Russia went to war with Turkey, and the British government led by Benjamin Disraeli as prime minister had grave concerns. If Russia triumphed and captured the city of Constantinople, it could create a number of serious problems for Britain. From that position the Russians could, if they wanted, seek to block Britain’s vital trade routes with India. The British and the Russians had been rivals for years, with Britain at times invading Afghanistan to block Russian designs in India. In the 1850s the two nations had clashed in the Crimean War. Therefore, the idea of Russia’s war with Turkey somehow involving Britain was a possibility. Public opinion in England seemed to settle on staying out of the conflict and remaining neutral, but that began to change in 1878. Partisans supporting a more aggressive policy began breaking up peace meetings, and in London’s music halls, the equivalent of vaudeville theaters, a popular song appeared that called for a stronger stance. Some of the lyrics were: â€Å"We don’t want to fightBut by Jingo if we do,We’ve got the ships, we’ve got the men, we’ve got the money too.We won’t let the Russians get to Constantinople!† The song caught on and spread widely through the public. Advocates of neutrality began to deride those calling for war by labeling them â€Å"jingoes.† The Turkish-Russian war ended in 1878 when, with pressure from Britain, Russia accepted a truce offer. A British fleet sent to the area helped apply pressure. Britain never actually entered the war. However, the concept of â€Å"jingoes† lived on. In its original usage, connected to the music hall song, a jingo would have been someone from the uneducated class, and the original usage carried the connotation that jingoism was derived from the passions of a mob. Over time, the class element of the meaning faded away, and jingoism meant someone, from any social strata, who favored a very aggressive, and even bullying, foreign policy. The word had its period of greatest usage in the decades from the late 1870s to World War I, after which it tended to fade in importance. However, the word still surfaces with regularity. Jingoism vs. Nationalism Jingoism is sometimes equated with nationalism, but they have distinctly different meanings. A nationalist is someone who believes citizens owe their loyalty to their nation. (Nationalism can also carry negative connotations of excessive national pride to the point of bigotry and intolerance.) Jingoism would embrace an aspect of nationalism, the fierce loyalty to one’s own nation, but would also incorporate the idea of projecting a very aggressive foreign policy, and even the waging of war, on another nation. So, in a sense, jingoism is nationalism taken to an extreme position with regards to foreign policy. Examples of Jingoism The term jingoism came to America and was used during the 1890s, when some Americans fervently promoted entry into what became the Spanish-American War. The term was also later used to criticize the foreign policy of Theodore Roosevelt. In early 1946, the term was used in a headline of the New York Times to describe actions being taken by General Douglas MacArthur in Japan. The headline, which read MArthur Purges Japan of Jingoes In Public Office described how the extreme militarists of Japan were being barred from participating in the postwar government. The term has never gone completely out of use, and is periodically mentioned to criticize actions seen as bullying or belligerent. For example, an opinion columnist of the New York Times, Frank Bruni, referred to the jingoism of Donald Trumps foreign policy in a column published on October 2, 2018. Sources: Jingoism. International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences, edited by William A. Darity, Jr., 2nd ed., vol. 4, Macmillan Reference USA, 2008, pp. 201-203. Gale Virtual Reference Library.CUNNINGHAM, HUGH. Jingoism. Europe 1789-1914: Encyclopedia of the Age of Industry and Empire, edited by John Merriman and Jay Winter, vol. 3, Charles Scribners Sons, 2006, pp. 1234-1235. Gale Virtual Reference Library.