What Is Jingoism Definition and Examples

The term jingoism refers to a nation’s aggressive foreign policy which has been propelled by public opinion. The word was coined in the 1870s, during an episode in Britain’s perennial conflicts with the Russian Empire, when a popular music hall song urging military action contained the phrase, â€Å"by Jingo.† The public, viewed by the British political class as uneducated and badly informed on foreign policy, were mocked as â€Å"jingos.† The word, despite its peculiar roots, became a part of the language, and was periodically invoked to mean those crying for aggressive international action, including warfare, in any nation. In the modern world, the term jingoism is invoked to mean any aggressive or bullying foreign policy. Key Takeaways: Jingoism The term jingoism refers to excessive and especially belligerent patriotism leading to an aggressive or bullying foreign policy.The term dates to the 1870s, against the background of the British having to decide how to counter perceived Russian moves against Turkey.The word has a peculiar source: the phrase by Jingo appeared in an 1878 music hall song pushing for military action against Russia.The term has become part of the language, and is still used to criticize aggressive foreign policy. Jingoism Definition and Origin The story of how the expression â€Å"by jingo,† a British expression essentially meaning â€Å"by golly,† came to enter the vernacular of politics begins in the spring of 1877. Russia went to war with Turkey, and the British government led by Benjamin Disraeli as prime minister had grave concerns. If Russia triumphed and captured the city of Constantinople, it could create a number of serious problems for Britain. From that position the Russians could, if they wanted, seek to block Britain’s vital trade routes with India. The British and the Russians had been rivals for years, with Britain at times invading Afghanistan to block Russian designs in India. In the 1850s the two nations had clashed in the Crimean War. Therefore, the idea of Russia’s war with Turkey somehow involving Britain was a possibility. Public opinion in England seemed to settle on staying out of the conflict and remaining neutral, but that began to change in 1878. Partisans supporting a more aggressive policy began breaking up peace meetings, and in London’s music halls, the equivalent of vaudeville theaters, a popular song appeared that called for a stronger stance. Some of the lyrics were: â€Å"We don’t want to fightBut by Jingo if we do,We’ve got the ships, we’ve got the men, we’ve got the money too.We won’t let the Russians get to Constantinople!† The song caught on and spread widely through the public. Advocates of neutrality began to deride those calling for war by labeling them â€Å"jingoes.† The Turkish-Russian war ended in 1878 when, with pressure from Britain, Russia accepted a truce offer. A British fleet sent to the area helped apply pressure. Britain never actually entered the war. However, the concept of â€Å"jingoes† lived on. In its original usage, connected to the music hall song, a jingo would have been someone from the uneducated class, and the original usage carried the connotation that jingoism was derived from the passions of a mob. Over time, the class element of the meaning faded away, and jingoism meant someone, from any social strata, who favored a very aggressive, and even bullying, foreign policy. The word had its period of greatest usage in the decades from the late 1870s to World War I, after which it tended to fade in importance. However, the word still surfaces with regularity. Jingoism vs. Nationalism Jingoism is sometimes equated with nationalism, but they have distinctly different meanings. A nationalist is someone who believes citizens owe their loyalty to their nation. (Nationalism can also carry negative connotations of excessive national pride to the point of bigotry and intolerance.) Jingoism would embrace an aspect of nationalism, the fierce loyalty to one’s own nation, but would also incorporate the idea of projecting a very aggressive foreign policy, and even the waging of war, on another nation. So, in a sense, jingoism is nationalism taken to an extreme position with regards to foreign policy. Examples of Jingoism The term jingoism came to America and was used during the 1890s, when some Americans fervently promoted entry into what became the Spanish-American War. The term was also later used to criticize the foreign policy of Theodore Roosevelt. In early 1946, the term was used in a headline of the New York Times to describe actions being taken by General Douglas MacArthur in Japan. The headline, which read MArthur Purges Japan of Jingoes In Public Office described how the extreme militarists of Japan were being barred from participating in the postwar government. The term has never gone completely out of use, and is periodically mentioned to criticize actions seen as bullying or belligerent. For example, an opinion columnist of the New York Times, Frank Bruni, referred to the jingoism of Donald Trumps foreign policy in a column published on October 2, 2018. Sources: Jingoism. International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences, edited by William A. Darity, Jr., 2nd ed., vol. 4, Macmillan Reference USA, 2008, pp. 201-203. Gale Virtual Reference Library.CUNNINGHAM, HUGH. Jingoism. Europe 1789-1914: Encyclopedia of the Age of Industry and Empire, edited by John Merriman and Jay Winter, vol. 3, Charles Scribners Sons, 2006, pp. 1234-1235. Gale Virtual Reference Library.

Deception And Deception In Hamlet - 1681 Words

Throughout Shakespeare’s plays, deception is used to grant the characters the ability to attain social status and success. Deception comes from the root word â€Å"deceive,† which can be defined as, â€Å"to mislead by a false appearance or statement,† or â€Å"to mislead or falsely persuade others† (â€Å"Deceive†). When attempting to deceive another person, the characters must be able to understand the consequences one may face when manipulating another through deceit. Two plays that strongly showcase Shakespeare’s lies and manipulation are Much Ado About Nothing and Hamlet. In both, one can see how the characters create plans to spy and lie to one another to either â€Å"promote happiness† or â€Å"harm† the other (Shmoop Editorial Team). Within both these†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"The harlot’s cheek, beautied with plastering art, / Is not more ugly to the thing that helps it / Than is my deed to my most pai nted word: / O heavy burthen!† (III.1.50)(Shakespeare). During this aside, the audience is able to see that Claudius has committed the murder, but is left in suspense to whether or not Hamlet will be able to prove that Claudius is his fathers murders (Mabillard). As Hamlet is trying to find evidence against Claudius, he attempts to create a distraction, drawing attention away from his suspicious activities during the time of him gathering evidence against Claudius (Mabillard). Horatio was the only one who Hamlet informed of this deceitful plan, when Hamlet says, â€Å"Here, as before, never, so help you mercy, / How strange or odd soe’er I bear myself, / As I, perchance, hereafter shall think meet / To put an antic disposition on, / That you, at such times seeing me, / never shall, / With arms encumber’d thus, or this head-shake, / Or by pronouncing of some doubtful phrase, / As ‘Well, well, we know’; or ‘We could, an if we would’; / Or ‘If we list to speak’; or ‘There be, an if they might’; / Or such ambiguous giving out, to note / That you know aught of me: this is not to do / So grace and mercy at most need help you† (I.5.187-199)(Shakespeare). As Hamlet goes through with his plan to â€Å"feign insanity,† some argue that he might have actually began to go insane (Mabillard). In an attempt toShow MoreRelatedDeception in Hamlet1546 Words   |  7 PagesDECEPTION IN HAMLET One must always be weary of the truth because it is quite often manipulated to serve the needs of any person who requires that the truth be on their side. Quite often, the only way to discern the truth from the fiction is by way of a deceptive act, because an act of deception always exposes both its self and the truth to be two quite different things. Nowhere is this more true than in William Shakespeares, Hamlet. One of the major themes in the play is in fact, deception.Read MoreTheme Of Deception In Hamlet1338 Words   |  6 PagesDeception is defined as the act of deceiving someone. Deception occurs when there is a need to conceal the truth and also expose the truth. The play Hamlet written by Shakespeare is built around the central theme of deceit. Deceit is used to cover past mistakes that might have once impacted the characters greatly or to conceal an important secret. 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Advertising Influencing Our Youth Free Essays

Our Youth Ann-smoking commercials and anti-testing and driving campaigns are all over teen television stations. However, behind the scenes, are big name cigarette and alcohol companies targeting youth? Many people see the effect of this targeting, teens drinking and smoking, underage, because it looks glamorous. As a matter of fact advertising may be responsible for nearly 30% of alcohol and tobacco use In young teenagers (Strasbourg). We will write a custom essay sample on Advertising: Influencing Our Youth or any similar topic only for you Order Now What you don’t think about is the cause; what is the reason that these big companies target young teens? Companies target youth for many seasons, but the mall two reasons are accessibility and vulnerability; these targets have a lasting a devastating effect. The celestially ties In to the cause because teens are always on their phones or computer. It is no lie that teens spend hours on their mobile devices a day, always scrolling through twitter, faceable, or playing a game. However, many teenagers have no Idea that big name tobacco and alcohol companies are strategically placing ads so that they will see them. The average annual number of alcohol ads seen by youth watching television increased from 217 in 2001 to 366 in 2009, approximately one alcohol ad per day (â€Å"Youth Exposure to Alcohol Ads on TV Growing Faster than Adults†). Students will spend about 18,000 hours in front of the television before they graduate (Strasbourg). The Center on Alcohol Marketing and Youth at Georgetown university has found that between 2001 and 2005, youth exposure to alcohol advertising on television in the U. S. Increased by 41% (â€Å"Alcohol Advertising and Youth†). Alcohol companies spend nearly $2 billion every year on advertising between 2001 and 2007, there were more than 2 million television ads and 20,000 magazine ads for alcoholic products (â€Å"Alcohol Advertising and Youth (Position Paper) APP Policies APP†). Although TV may be an obvious pin-point for marketers, another strategic place for marketing Is in convenience stores. A 2001 study found that nearly 23 percent of the stores monitored had cigarettes placed within six inches of candy (â€Å"How the Tobacco Industry Targets Youth†). Teenagers see more ads than we think. They see them walking down the street on a billboard. On TV when their show Is on a break, and in magazines. Teenagers not only lots of ads, but the same ones over and ever. Companies don’t Just place one ad per television show. They place an ad every commercial break. They may not realize it, but their subconscious mind remembers all the advertising when an opportunity to drink or smoke presents itself. Especially when you add in the repetition factor. Companies are spending loads of money annually to get their product In the eye of the public. However, the placement of their ads is all wrong; they are advertising on channels that teenagers watch and magazines that are read by young adults; such as MET and People Magazine. The accessibility of teenagers combined with ad placement and repetition can lead to shaping behavior for when they are adults. Behavior such as alcoholism and Vulnerability is another reason big companies target youth; many teenagers see advertisements featuring their role model or favorite celebrity. Companies use celebrities to promote their product, to seem more relatable to the younger ages, this presents a problem because â€Å"young fans are more likely to try drugs if they see their idol do it† (Brays). However there is a more scientific explanation for teenagers falling for these companies advertisements. A young teen brain’s impulse control has not fully developed, however â€Å"its reward circuitry is not only ready to go, it is on overdrive† (Barbarians. Org). This could explain why â€Å"the percentage of teenagers who try an illicit substance more than doubles between 8th and 12th grades, from 21. 4 percent to 48. 2 percent, according to the National Institute on Drug Abuse† (Barbarians. Org). One study found that for each dollar the alcohol industry spends on youth advertising, young people drink 3% more each month. Teens who start drinking and smoking in the early years of their adulthood are more likely to untie these habits for years. Alcohol also impairs Judgment. It can lead teens to put themselves in situations where they are vulnerable; situations like walking home from a party late at night, driving home drunk, or passing out in a crowded area when there are other inebriated teens (â€Å"Understand the Risks of Alcohol to Young People†). Drinking frequently at a young age is also linked to an increased risk of developing alcohol dependence in young adulthood. Regularly drinking in later life can lead to cancer, stroke, heart disease and infertility (â€Å"Understand the Risks of Alcohol to Young People†). The lasting effects on these teens is that binge drinking before the brain is developed changes the brain (Barbarians. Org). A study researched by the APP in 2006 found a direct correlation between the amount of exposure to alcohol advertising on billboards, radio, television, and newspapers with higher levels of drinking and a larger increase in drinking over time with youth 15-26 years old (Alcohol Advertising and Youth). The APP is â€Å"The American Academy of Family Physicians†, the national association of family doctors. It is one of the largest national medical organizations tit more than 115,900 members in 50 states. Ultimately the effect is great, annually, about 5,000 people under age 21 die from alcohol-related injuries involving underage drinking (â€Å"Consequences of Underage Drinking†). Underage drinking can cause a range of physical consequences, from hangovers to death from alcohol poisoning, it also can be linked to smoking. Every day, another 1,500 kids become daily smokers, and one-third of them will die prematurely as a result of getting hooked. Youth who don’t smoke very often can suffer the adverse effects of addiction (â€Å"Health Effects of Tobacco’). 0% of teenagers who smoke daily have tried to quit and failed, about 2/3 of teen smokers say they want to quit smoking (â€Å"Health Effects of Tobacco’) . 70% say they would not have started if they could choose again (â€Å"Health Effects of Tobacco’). Many teens subconsciously fall victim to the advertising that companies use to draw them in. Smoking is highly addictive, and for most teens o nce they start they can’t stop. All it takes is one try, and they can get hooked for the rest of their lives; yet another factor that shows teens vulnerability. As for alcohol, it may not be as independent charity that â€Å"provides people with evidence-based information about alcohol and work alongside the medical community’ shows some effects of underage drinking (â€Å"About Us†). They show that underage drinking can cause liver failure, stunting brain development, and leading to binge drinking (â€Å"Understand the Risks of Even though teenagers are considered young adults and even some as full adults, their brain is not yet developed fully. Alcohol and tobacco companies target these young, underdeveloped teens to make more sales, when in fact, it is ruining many lives. Even with prevention and parental controls to prevent them from seeing alcohol ads, it is still everywhere, sports games, magazines, billboards. Companies target young kids mainly because of their underdeveloped minds and impulse control. They will be more likely to want to try that product that other potential advertising age groups. The lasting effect of these companies targeting young teens is great, and it causes many problems. Many people don’t realize the effect that advertising has on young teens; who are not mentally capable of making knowledgeable decisions.. How to cite Advertising: Influencing Our Youth, Papers